The Big Bang theory, began with Friedmann in 1922. In 1929, the universe’s expansion was observed, but by 1933, the theory’s predicted age for the universe was found to be incorrect. Rather than accepting an older, burned-out universe, proponents introduced the concept of invisible “dark matter” to account for discrepancies.
In the 1970s, the Big Bang theory failed to predict the correct abundance of light elements-a discrepancy known as the lithium problem-which some see as evidence against the theory. Instead of admitting defeat, these issues are labeled as “problems” to avoid abandoning the theory.
In 1997, distant supernovae were found to be too faint, contradicting Big Bang predictions. This led to the invention of “dark energy” as another adjustable parameter. Critics argue that adding such parameters undermines scientific rigor.
By 2003, measurements showed the universe is extremely flat, a result so unlikely by chance that it prompted the addition of “inflation theory,” itself reliant on free parameters. In 2019, the “Hubble tension” emerged, further challenging the theory. Additionally, the ages of stars, especially white dwarfs, seem inconsistent with Big Bang predictions.
Big Bang theory continually adds unverifiable elements to address its failures, moving further from the scientific method.
A 7 May 2025 paper suggests the cosmic microwave background (CMB), long thought to be a relic of the Big Bang, could instead come from early, massive galaxies whose radiation, processed by dust and redshifted, matches the CMB signal. This challenges the foundation of modern cosmology, creating a circular logic where fixes for early galaxy formation also explain the CMB, potentially unraveling the Big Bang model if the CMB isn’t primordial. Source: https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.04687
"Where did everything come from" is a real mind bender no matter how you slice it.
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When we look at distant stars and galaxies, their measured motion is inconsistent with the estimation of their mass. They move like they're heavier than they look. The matter we can't see but is implied to exist by the orbits is called "dark matter" (you know, because we can't see it). Nobody knows what it is or if it even exists. It might just be horrible errors in the estimation of the mass of distant objects. It could be exotic particles or some other nonsense. It could also be a bunch of extremely cold osmium balls floating around.
"Dark energy" is probably bullshit though. The whole "universe is expanding" thing is sus, and the supposed Hubble Constant has some pretty big error bars.